Lost Identity Found Essay -- Cultural Identities Culture Identity Essa

Lost Identity FoundStuart Hall writes that Identity is not as transparent or unproblematic as we think (Hall 392). Hanif Kareishi, a visual minority growing up in racially charged England, experiences uncertainty and defeat relating to his sense of identity. Salman Rushdie, author of short stories The Courter and dandy Advice Is Rarer Than Rubies, develops characters who experience similar identity crises. In his piece, The Rainbow Sign, Kareishi explores three responses to encounters with a unconnected and hostile culture outright rejection of the foreign culture, complete assimilation into foreign culture, or adoption of a synthesis of the two cultures. Kareishi himself embraces each of these different approaches at different times in his life, plot characters in Rushdies short stories embody specific approaches. Kareishis discussion of the interaction between race, class, nationhood, and citizenship points to the need for a loosening of racial and class distinctions in favor o f a multicultural, liberal approach for achieving a successful synthesis of cultures.The protagonist of Good Advice Is Rarer Than Rubies adopts the rejectionist course when confronted with the possibility of being introduced into a foreign British culture. Miss Rehana, the Indian protagonist of the short story, travels to a British Consulate in India to acquire a British passport. An arranged engagement at the age of golf club forged a connection between Miss Rehana and an older man with British citizenship, Mustafa Dar. Though Miss Rehana had not seen Mustafa Dar for many years, the engagement provides the opportunity for her to stick him in England. Miss Rehana is poor her parents are dead. A life in Britain promises better material c... ... calls for white British to adapt and compromise with immigrant culture. In crystallise of Halls commentary, one can only hope that transforming Pakistani and British cultures converge. The other option, of course, is a divergence of cultu re. Sadly, given the vigilante groups and racial craze present when Kareishi published The Rainbow Sign, it is still not clear that England has embraced multiculturalism. Works CitedKareishi, Hanif. The Rainbow Sign. London kills me. London Penguin Books, 1992. 3-37.Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora. Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory. Ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York Columbia University Press, 1994.Rushdie, Salman. Good Advice is Rarer than Rubies. East, West. NY vintage Books, 1994. 5-16.Rushdie, Salman. The Courter. East, West. NY vintage Books, 1994. 175-211.

Movers and Shakers in Education Essay

Trailblazers in American Education There have been several individuals throughout Americas history who have helped develop, shape, advance, balance, and reform chopine line to what it is today. Americas educational system has a rich background from its roots of one room school houses to our current system of education which offers an roll of opportunities for students to obtain a public education.John Dewey John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is kn witness as the founder of the progressive education movement. He argued that it was the job of education to encourage individuals to develop their full potential as human beings. Deweys educational theories were presented in a variety of books he authored. Several continuous themes ring true in most of Deweys books.They include his frequent argument that education and nurture are social and interactive processes, thus schoo l should be considered a social institution where social reform can and ought to take place. In addition, he believed that students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum so all students should have the opportunity to take part in their own eruditeness. He was especially critical of forms of memorization learning where repetition of facts and information was exercised. He argued that children should learn by experience.Rather than just gaining knowledge, Dewey believed that students should develop skills, habits and attitudes necessary for them to bat a wide variety of problems. Deweys legacy of the importance of experiential learning remains to this day. There are a number of schools across the join States that follow his theories and methods of teaching. pic Alvarez vs. The Board of Trustees of the so-and-so Grove School District.The history of school desegregation legislation in the linked States did not begin with the 1954 Supreme moves decision in the case of Brown vs. he Topeka school board, but rather in a rural community called Lemon Grove located in Southern California. It has recently been discovered that the earliest court cases concerning school desegregation occurred in the American Southwest in the 1930s. In these cases, Mexican immigrants and their communities were the targeted groups of segregation by school officials. A significant case during this era was the 1930 decision in Roberto Alvarez vs. the Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District. This was the start successful school desegregation court decision in the history of the United States.It represents an instance when community members took court action and won their case, despite detrimental sentiment towards them, to ensure the rights of their children to receive an equal education, making it an important event in both San Diego and U. S. history. The case stands as a credit to the activism of San Diegos Mexican community who used the public system of justice to ensure that not only Mexican-American children in California, but the rest of the United States had access to a case education (Alvarez, Jr. , 1984). pic Science and Math Education MovementWith the launching of Sputnik in October 1957, Americans became extremely fearful that the United States was falling behind in the areas of technology, science, and mathematics. Citizens of the United States feared that their country could see a shortage of trained teachers, engineers, and highly educated students in the near future if something was not done. In response to public pressure, the federal judicature passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958. The act supported efforts of academic specialists to revise curriculum according to the latest theories and methods.Improvements were made in all subject areas and institutes were held to train teachers in the use of new materials and methods (Webb, Metha, Jordan, 2010). In add ition to enhancing the curriculum, the NDEA also funded programs that provided guidance, counseling, and testing programs for students. According to authors Webb, Metha, Jordan, the NDEA set the stage for the federal governments increased involvement in education (2010). pic Out of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1975 came the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990.These pieces of legislation were a result of the earlier Civil Rights Movement in Education during the 1960s where marginalized groups were fighting for justice and equality within the education system. The federal law, IDEA, was established in 1990. It applies to all children with disabilities from birth to age twenty-one. The statue defines disabled children as those with mental retardation, hearing impairments, emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, multiple disabilities, or specific learning disabilities.To receive services under the IDEA, a student must not only have a disability, but the condition also must impinge on the students education. The major principles included in the IDEA are the right to a free and appropriate education, identification and nondiscriminatory evaluation, an individualized education program (IEP), least restrictive environment, and procedural due process (Webb, et al. , 2010). While the law has transformed and grown over the years, it remains evident in the classroom to this day. It has promoted question and technology development, details on transition programs for post high school students, and programs that educate children in their neighborhood schools instead of separate schools.

Between 1820 and 1860

Between 1820 and 1860 at that place were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the northernmost and South. How far do you agree? BY beckY10036 Between 1820 and 1860 there were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the North and South. How far do you agree? Between 1820 and 1860 there were problems in America that resulted in the civil war in 1861, the prudence affected the North and South during the civil war, and some major differences helped win the civil war. However this does not mean that the economy had some undamental differences.For warning the methods of earning currency were unlike, but overall both earned roughly the same amount of money. Firstly, the main difference was that the North relied much more on money from industry and manufacturing, as they had more connections with foreign countries, and more factories were built. In the North in 1860 there were 74,000 factories producing two thirds, of goods for America. Whereas in the South there were only 2 major factors Textiles factory in South Carolina and an Iron works in Virginia set up in 1840.Although they had fewer factories, the Iron works was vital, as it supplied the North with weaponry during the Civil war. In 1850 the South only produced 10% of the nations manufactured output. However the South did need the industrialisation because their agricultural methods were so effective they had no need for change. The South was also very traditional and disliked change, whereas seven out of eight immigrants had chosen to settle in the North, and they had seen new ideas in former(a) places in Europe so were welcome to change.This is shown by the Souths working class orce being reduced from 82% to 81% over 60 years, on the other hand, the Norths labour force was reduced from 68% to over the 60 years. This is however not a reflection on the North rapidly reducing agriculturally, because they still relied on agriculture, and a lot of the North was still rural . Around the urban areas, the population was increasing as towns and cities were developing swiftly.As the North had smaller but still loose farmers known as yeomen, they did not earn as much money through agriculture, because they did not have many a(prenominal) or any slaves at ll, so they could not produce the high quantities that the south did. Farmers that had lots of land were called plantation owners there were many more plantations in the south, and when the cotton gin was created in 1793, there was a boom in cotton, and the benefit of having slaves increased. This made Southern plantation owners invest their capital in the Slaves, because they produced so much cotton, which was very lucrative. 5% of slaves worked in cotton which shows how much money was made out of it. The South needed to transport their goods to the North so that it ould be transported abroad, but there was a lack of transport in South, as they only had 35% of the train tracks, which affected them in the Civil war. This meant it was fairly expensive to transport the cotton, but they still true a good amount of money it hey lived near a train track. When the cotton arrived in the North the Lowell factory system meant the manufacturing of it was very cheap, which meant the North earnt a large margin on it.Although the danger of the South investing all their money in Slaves was that when slavery got banned, they lost a lot of money, which was partly hy they were so keen to keep slavery. However only one quarter of the population owned a slave, as they were expensive (in 1860 they were $1800 which was double the price in 1820). The Norths economy was ground on free labour whereas the Souths was based on slave labour, which meant that the Norths economy was more stimulated by the presence of workers with money who could buy products, which would restore money for the company, which in turn would increase wages or hire more workers.The Souths economy was largely devoid of this benefit . Essentially, the conomy in the South was weaker and only based on a few important exports (cotton, tobacco, and sugar). This made the South less diversified, as they focused their sales on cotton. Another difference is tariffs in 1828 relation back passes a controversial high protective tax. This majorly benefitted the North as they were the main distributors. However the South were very worried about this because they believed that if they stopped buying the expensive foreign goods, then foreign countries would stop buying their goods, as they would have tax on them too.This affected the economy ntil the tax was promised to be reduced afterwards the law in 1833. In contrast the North and South didnt have many fundamental differences. They both created a lot of money, and were not lacking at all, the only difference was the method in which was used to make the money. The economic diversification was similar too, as 10% of Northerners owned 68% of the wealth, and the wealth was dominate by the plantation owners, called oligarchies, as there were few free-soilers. 12% of the plantation owners owned half the slaves.This shows that there were few farmers, ut the big plantations owned many slaves. Even though the North seems to be more industrial, the South also made efforts to modernise industrially, but they Just lacked because of the closed opinions of the southerners. Also not many people in the North and the South owned slaves, it was more of a rare thing, and the main owners, owned a large amount of slaves. However there was a larger need for slaves in the South, because there was cheap labour force from Europe settling in the North which meant slaves were more expensive so were not deemed as important.Overall I think there ere many differences between the North and South between 1820 and 1860. Some affected the outcome of the Civil war such as the transport boom, and the industrialisation in the North, but a fundamental point is that numerically they ha ve equal amounts of income there were Just different methods to earning the money. However the differences were major the amount of industrialisation, and amount of agriculture, the manufactured output, and the need for slaves, was all very different for the North and South. The main similarity was the economic diversification.

“Lord of the Flies”: a Microcosm to Our Society Essay

William Golding s novel lord of the Flies significantly symbolizes contri preciselyions, objects and the setting to represent our origination as a firm. Golding uses those symbols to take form the island similar to society and to show the difference amongst living in a civilised society and savagery. The novel takes place on an island during World fight II, this is significant since the isolation forms a sort of civilization and community, a sort of microcosm to the strong world and to human civilization.Lord of the Flies island is similar to our society in many ways. There be certain objects that link the island and our society. Firstly William Golding portrays the conch as a symbol for power, sight and authority. This is because whoever holds it becomes the only mavin with the authority to speak. That rule is appointed when Ralph says, And a nonher thing. We cant shit everybody talking at once. Well have to have Hands up like at schoolthen Ill give him the conch. (Gold ing 31) This is often like standing at the podium or holding a microphone in our civilized society or raising ones hand in school. The conch also represents the organization found in a democratic Government.Since the conch was discovered it has created order and rules and brought the boys together as a society. Jack says well have rules he cried excitedly. Lots of rules Then anyone who breaks em- (Golding 32) As the conch starts to lose its power the tribe splits into two groups, just as the community would have if the government would no longer have control. The rise and fall of the conch symbolized the rise and fall of a system of rules, regulations and order in a society. It provided a parallel universe showing how important the rules and regulations are to a successful society. Therefore the conch is a symbol of human civilization thus making Lord of the Flies a smaller version of society. some other symbol of civilization are the glasses belonging to hoggish. It symbolized kn owledge and insight. They represent societys reliance upon technology and the weakness of human beings. They were created to make piggy s career better, without them he can hardly see. When Jack snatches the glasses off piggy s face, Piggy replies Mind out Give em back I can hardly see (Golding 40) The glasses are symbolic to technology which makes ones life more convenient or improves their quality of life. Without the glassesthe boys would have not been able to start a fire since no one else knew another way to do so. After asking around for matches Jack points suddenly at Piggy and says His specs-use them as burning glasses (Golding 40) The concept that the boys would be help little without the glasses symbolizes how helpless sight become when they dont have technology to aid them . in addition the clothes are a symbolic link to the survival of civilization and a symbol of conflict in society.In our society today, the clothing someone wears tells a lot about them. People are judged to be rich or poor, intelligent or unintelligent, or even neat or untidy just by the clothing they have on. The boys arrive with clothes, but gradually they all wear less and less. This is symbolic of their becoming more savage and less in touch with their former civilization. One who does not wear pants in our society would be arrested and considered to be uncivilized. Another use of symbolism in clothing is that Jack and his group all dress alike and act alike makes them into a resolve group from the rest of the boys. They carry out unlike jobs and have a different ideology. This conflict of a separate group in the society which Ralph trys to organize eventually leads to the break up of the boys into completely separate groups. This is symbolic of the different cultures we have in our society today.As the novel is an allegory, each character signifies an important idea or theme. Each character is symbolized understandably as someone in our society. Piggy is the scientific and intellectual aspect of society. He is a thinker, philosopher and someone who always advises for good. He was also like Albert Einstein, people did not care that he thought the atomic bomb was a bad weapon just like no one cared about what piggy said or did. While Piggy was trying to explain himself to Ralph, Jack turned on him. You shut up, he yelled. (Golding 46) Another main character Ralph is like Franklin Roosevelt , who could not stop the World war two from breaking out. He is the allegory of the confused that are always confused in the light between good and reprehensible. He also represents democracy and is responsible. He is the politician who relies on social order and government, and his political failures show that he cannot control the evil within the other boys. Jack was a symbol of Adolph Hitler. He was a crazy leader who killed many people because he wanted power, No one moved. Jack shouted angrily. I said grab them (Golding198) Like Hitler, Jack was a dictator and ignorant. Jack is the hunter, protector and the Soldier who is consumed by his own fearfulness and the greater force of his own capacity for evil.Roger is even worse than Jack, even though he isnt like that from the beginning. Hes similar to Satan or even Dr. Mengele who was Hitler s worker and did very bad operations on people. Roger is so cruel and has gone far beyond from being a savage when Roger purposely with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever, resulting in Piggy s death. (Golding 200) Simon is a Christ like figure who discovered the truth but unlike Christ he is sacrificed before he can deliver it to the others. The impulses and the behaviour of the boys are those of adults. The struggle between Ralph and Jack is symbolic of the struggle between the forces of civilization and anarchy, or the struggle between moral conscience and his heart of darkness and also world war 2.The tussle between Jack and Ralph for lead is the allegory of our political leaders who always fight and kill for the sake of power. The way the boys are being seduced by Jack, the leaders of our world exploit the masses. Our world is very fertile like the island, but in their ambition to get the power the leaders destroy this world just like the boys who burn the whole island to ashes without realizing that they are destroying their own means of survival. The division of the boys in litluns and biguns is the allegory of the classes in our world. Litluns symbolize the common people, while the biguns are the allegory of the ruling, hefty and political classes. The island on which the boys find themselves is allegorically our world in miniature.Since the island is a microcosm, Golding uses it to reflect our world and give comments on it and his view of human nature. In order to achieve this symbolism, Golding uses objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important historical and religious people, and the s etting which frames the conflicts on the island, all have parallels in the real world. They show that what happened in the story is just not a story. They help prove the authors belief that humankind is savage and evil is under civilization. Thus the Lord of the Flies is a microcosm, a smaller version of society and human civilization.BIBLEOGRAPHYLord of the Flies, William Golding

Parkinson Disease

Parkinsons disorder is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The most well-known sign of Parkinson disease is the tremor in just one hand. Family can notice that you film Parkinson disease when theres little expression in your face and you fagt swing your arms when you walk. Speech often becomes soft and mumbling. Parkinson disease symptoms tend to worsen as the disease progresses. There ar mevery contrastive medicines that treat this disease, simply sometimes doctor whitethorn tell you to apply surgery. The symptoms may vary from person to person. Symptoms usually begin on one boldness of the body and re master(prenominal) worse in that align of the body. Some of the symptoms are Tremor the shaking usually starts on the hand.Slowed motion Parkinsons disease may reduce your dexterity to start initiate voluntary movement. For example, when you walk your step might become short. Rigid muscles Stiffness can occur in any part of your body and somet imes it can be really bad that it can affect the range of movement you have in that part of your body. stricken posture and balance posture may become stooped, and balance problems can occur.Loss of robotic movement Blinking, smiling and swinging of the arms are all voluntary acts that are a normal part of the human being. With the Parkinson disease these act are reduce and sometimes even lost. Speech changes people with Parkinson disease may speak softly, rapidly or in a monotone. Sometimes repeating words, or hesitating before answering. Dementia when the disease has progress a speckle people tend to deal with memory and mental clarity problems. Your physical, mental, and social state are affected by this disease. Your physical state is affected because this disease deteriorates your physical state little by little. Your mental state is affected because your brain is not functioning as it supposed to be, and socially it affects you because you are incapable(p) of doing legio n(predicate) activities that you would be able to do if you didnt have the disease.You need to see the doctor if you suffer any of these symptoms above. Internally the disease affects your body and the ability to do stuff. Externally it affects you and your relationship with your environment and everyone else around you.Causes of this disease may be The exact cause of Parkinson disease is unknown, but there are many factors that play in the role Your genes it is said that either inherited or caused by an environmental exposure these genes change might be responsible for Parkinsons disease. Environmental triggers exposure to certain toxins or viruses may trigger some of the symptoms and signs of the Parkinsons disease. The position of your brain is critical because with this disease you are losing many of your main chemical couriers that help you do many of your automatic activities. Little by little you will lose some of the involuntary action you usually do.Several changes in the b rain of individuals with Parkinson disease are noticeable, these changes include A lack of dopamine many symptoms of the Parkinsons disease result from the lack of a chemical messenger called dopamine. This result when some cells of the brain that produce this chemical die or become reduced. The reason of these happening is unknown. Low norepinephrine levels chemical messenger that controls automatic functions. For example, blood pressure. The presence of Lewy bodies.It spreads with time and it is usually worse in one side. I dont think this disease will kill you, but it will disable you from many activities that a normal person can do. The disease affects most of your involuntary activities and the medicines use for it can also have side effects.Risk factors age(older people has more risk), heredity, sex (male are more likely to suffer from it), and exposure to toxins. The disease gets worse as time pass by. In the former(prenominal) you will suffer some symptoms, but as present a nd future come the disease will affect you more and more. Parkinson disease is often tended to(p) by additional problems like depression, sleep problems, difficulty chewing and swallowing, urinary problems, constipation, sexual dysfunction. What can you do when preparing for an appointment?Write overthrow any of the symptoms you are feeling, write down key personal information, make a list of all the medication you are taking, ask someone to come with you, and write down questions you may want to ask to your doctor. The doctor will test you, but theres not really a test for Parkinsons disease. It is base on your medical history and a neurological exam. The doctor will make a diagnosis of Parkinsons disease if you at least have two of the three Parkinsons symptoms-tremor, slowing of motion and muscle rigidity, if these symptoms are mainly in one side of the body, if the tremor is more severe at rest, and if you improve significantly with the Parkinsons medication levodopa. Levodop a is a natural medicine that when it is taken in a form of a pill it will go through the brain and transform to dopamine. It becomes less effective as disease progresses and it has some side effects.

Thirteen Days vs. the real Cuban Missile Crisis

The year is 1962 and American surveillance planes discover that the USSR is in the rocess of placing nuc leyr ballistic missiles in Cuba. The missiles have a said they ar capable of reaching the majority of the United States Air Force bomber bases effectively crippling their ability to retaliate. It Is a race to find a way of removing the missiles before they become operational. Thus the problem for the President is to decide whether to use force or diplomatic means to keep the missiles un-operational.Initial diplomatic attempts to come to a peaceful conclusion fail and the Secretary of vindication proposes a naval blockade which they call a quarantine nd if the Soviets ignore the blockade, the Navy allow for forcibly remove the ships from going to Cuba. This would quickly escalate the situation which Is clearly what the Secretary of Defence wanted but the President with help of his Special abetter _or_ abettor Kenneth ODonnell, realized that an invasion of Cuba by Americans wou ld lead to the Soviets invading Berlin effectively causing a World War Ill.In the end through unique communication methods amid the US and the Soviets the Soviets agree to remove the mlsslles from Cuba providing the us promises never to Invade Cuba as well as remove missiles from Turkey. One of the most criticized aspects of the movie Is that Kenneth ODonnell who was Special athletic supporter to the President had a very influential and substantial role in the movie. Quite often he is found dissuading President Kennedy from the so called solutions from the Secretary of Defence and his entourage.He is always reminding Kennedy of the repercussions of the actions that Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara proposes. At one point Kenneth said in reference to surveillance flights and the rules of engagement that if a plan were shot at, the web site would be bombed, This is a setup. The chiefs want to go in. They need to redeem themselves for the Bay of Pigs. This seemed quite reasonabl e as the Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful attempt at armed services invasion of Cuba and those in charge needed redemption.Unfortunately although Kenneth ODonnell appeared a great protagonist, he did not have that kind of role In the crlsls In reality. Following the let out of the movie the actual former Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara, said For Gods sakes, Kenny ODonnell didnt have any role whatsoever In the missile crisis he was a semipolitical appointment secretary to the President thats absurd. It may seem as though McNamara could have Just been bitter about the way he was portrayed in the movie but the conclusion he came to was generally what all those involved in the crisis thought about ODonnells role. Although McNamara pointed out that the role 1 OF2 ODonnell played was slmllar to lea Sorenson saying It was not Kenny ODonnell who pulled us all togetherit was Ted Sorensen. Ted Sorensen was President Kennedys Special Counsel Adviser and it makes much more sense for him to have taken on the role ODonnell portrayed as President Kennedy once called him his intellectual blood bank. leading one to believe that the President must have had reat faith in Sorenson. President Kennedy asked Sorenson to take part in foreign policy as well as being a member of Excomm (The Executive Committee of the internal Security Council) during the Crisis.All of this would lead one to believe Sorenson must have played the role of ODonnell in reality. So why didnt the producer Just stick with that in the film? It was because the appearance of Kenneth ODonnell is much more appealing to the average American. He is the perfect protagonist, Just an average middle class American trying to do the right thing. That is why he was given this role and it is understandable why this trade off would be ade for entertainment purposes as Thirteen old age is a movie and not a documentary.

Great Northern American Case Study Essay

The textbook defines perception as the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to information. The Oxford dictionary defines perception as the ability to see, hear, or pop off aw atomic number 18 of something through the senses the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Your perception is your reality, therefore statements such as, the customer is always right, hold true to a certain extent. What concourse perceive is what they believe, based on what they see, hear, and think. Perception affects decision making and the choices people collect. This is why it is imperative not only for the gross salespeople of large Northern American to determine how people form perceptions, but this is important for any person looking to urinate furrow relationships and loyal customers. Customer satisfaction is crucial to create business relationships and repeat customers. To be successful, salespeople must quickly identify opportu nities and predict the changing needs and wants of customers.Recent advances in customer equity research have rekindled the greatness of accord how customers form perceptions of satisfaction and quality (Blattberg and Deighton, 1996). It is likewise essential for Joe Salatinos sales force to understand that the drivers of customer satisfaction may shift all over time. Things happen gradually and peoples perception may change. Why do consumers choose certain products to purchase over others? jibe to Don Shapiro, chairperson and Founder of First Concepts Consultants, Inc, battalion say yes because they see a high perceived cheer in what is offered for sale. If perceptions of value atomic number 18 high, the more likely the sale will be made. Closing the sale is primarily about raising the customers perceptions of value as high as possible (Shapiro, 2012). This is where things like subscribing to prospects local newspapers and re trenchant things they value come into play. The average get wordd and trained sales person does not go far enough in developing these things with their prospects.They do enough to be a good relieve oneselfr butlose sales they could have closed had they just done a bit more. They simply do not fully understand what is going on inside their prospects minds, everything that might affect the prospects decisions and what would summation the prospects perceptions of value the most (Shapiro, 2012). Some statistics say the top ten pct of salespeople comprehend what goes on inside a perspective clients mind, their understanding of how people form perceptions gives them a competitive advantage. Attribution is the method in which people use information to make conclusions about the causes of behavior or events. The ability to determine how people make attributions is a tremendous positive for the salespeople of Great Northern American. This element gives them an opportunity to take the information in order to convince perspective client s to make the purchase.The 30-person sales force of the Great Northern American Telemarketing Company forms on commission and bonuses, therefore I believe the antepast theory would be most appropriate for Joe Salatino to ease up. In the interrogative sentence of behavioral issues related to sales force fee, expectancy theory has enjoyed substantial popularity. The expectancy theory suggests that both the desirability of the abide by or compensation (referred to as valance) and an individuals estimate of the likelihood of attaining that reward (referred to as expectancy) are important determinants of a salespersons behavior. In the context of sales compensation issues, expectancy theory suggests that any method of compensation should (1) tie reward to performance, and (2) strengthen the salespersons perceived connection between performance and the reward received (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997). Motivational strategies are necessary for the expectancy theory, motivation and perfor mance are positively correlated.An increase in the level of motivation should correspond to an increase in the amount of effort expended in selling tasks, which in turn should improve performance (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997). According to the case study, the Great Northern American salesroom features all kinds of motivational devices such as rotating blues lights along with noise and a fast pace, all which create a perfect environment for the expectancy theory. Executing the expectancy theory can prove to be a challenging, yet purposeful task that goes beyond an annual review. Six implementations Joe Salatino could use to apply the expectancy theory include 1) to make expectations clear, 2) provide continuous feedback, 3)use corrective actions privately, 4) believe in your employees, 5) use praise tactics publicly, and 6) make rewards achievable. According to David Burkus, the editor of LDRLB, employees without goals will be naturally aimless. Joe Salatino should provide his sales t eam with clear achievable goals and make sure there are measurable standards in place to evaluate their performance.Giving immediate, continuous feedback allows an employee to know that their actions affect not just them, but the company as well. Joe should keep in mind that employees are motivated by setting goals and by receiving continuous feedback on where they stand relative to those goals. Recent research shows how rewarding it can be when employees are aware(predicate) they are making progress. Most people are discouraged by negative feedback, especially if they feel its embarrassing. Therefore, the most adequate place to discuss an ongoing, performance-related issue or correcting a recent, specific error is in an office, with the door closed. Joe should also believe in his employees the perception of a leaders trust is the expose factor of revolutionary leadership. Make announcements of praise publicly, make everyone aware when an employee has made a particularly outstand ing presentation, sale, or any other notable achievement. as yet though competition at Great Northern American is stiff for the sales force due to the internet users, it is still important to make bonuses and rewards achievable. interchange the basis for the awards, for example, top sales might be one category, but other categories can include top research or most diligent. fare that numerous types of merits can motivate your employees to focus on additional areas of their performance. Other ways Mr. Salatino can help improve employees performance is by helping employees to experience the mastery of their work and then add challenges as their mastery starts to unfold. Leverage social persuasion by igniting faith in employees while simultaneously arrange situations for their success. Highlight realistic models of engagement.Help employees develop endurance while reducing anxiety and depression so they know they can do what is necessary to produce a certain outcome. Self-efficacy r efers to peoples belief in their ability to muster up what is necessary to exercise control over lifes challenges. People with stronger self- efficient beliefs tend to set higher personal goals and remain committed to those goals in the face of adversity. They also view challenges as tasks to be masteredand encounter quickly from setbacks. Self-efficacy is particularly relevant to success in sales where adversities such as rejection, stress, and competition are unavoidable aspects of the profession. When salespeople hold strong self efficacious beliefs, they are better able to adjust to adversity and more likely to remain committed to assisting customers, making sales, and meeting quotas. In contrast, for salespeople who lack confidence in their professional abilities, these adversities increase their sense of helplessness and decrease their commitment toward goal achievement, often leading to withdrawal from clients, the organization, or the profession (Lewin and Sager, 2010).Joe Salatino can leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople in a number of different ways. He needs to be sure not to discomfit self-esteem, which is having a good view of yourself with self-efficacy, which is belief about your ability and capacity to accomplish a task or to deal with the challenges of life. By keeping these 2 things distinct, Joe can choose better qualified candidates for Great Northern American. There is a major variation in the degree to which salespeople perceive job conditions as stressful. Research has shown there are huge differences in the way individual salespeople respond to job stressors and view workloads. Self-efficacy is one of the determining factors. You can give akin sales situations to two people and it will be viewed very differently depending on the level of self-efficacy.A salesperson with low self-efficacy may find the duty assignment intolerable and extremely stressful, whereas an individual with high self-efficacy may perceive it as practical and not stressful at all. Concluding that low self-efficacy can make people believe that tasks are harder than they actually are and may view job expectations as contrasting and confusing. Individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more capable of dealing with higher job demands and possess the ability to view difficult situations as a challenge rather than seeing them as a threat. Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals form beliefs about what they can and cannot do. Those beliefs are used to set individual goals, to predict consequences of behaviors, and to initiate actions required for goal achievement. Self-efficacy is the central mechanism of self-regulation.Peoples beliefs in their efficacy influence the choices they make, their aspirations, how much effort they mobilize in agiven endeavor, how long they persevere in the face of difficulties and setbacks, whether their scene patterns are self -hindering or self-aiding, the amount of stress they experience in coping with taxing environmental demands, and their vulnerability to depression. Sales research views self-efficacy as a critical variable that can influence salespeoples perceptions and responses to challenges and negative situations on the job. People with higher self-efficacy believe in their ability to handle their work well and are more likely to become successful in their careers.Self-efficacy enhances employees willingness to exert effort and master a challenge and thus, plays an important role in increasing work effectiveness, job satisfaction, and productivity. Because salespeople are monitored on their individual performance, experience high rates of rejection, and practice more autonomy, it is imperative for Mr. Salatino to select highly self-efficacious individuals.In addition to searching for individuals with excellent communication skills, those that possess an upbeat attitude and are highly self-motiv ated, it would be to Great Northern Americans advantage for Joe to search for individuals who also possess conscientiousness and extraversion. Having the knowledge that self-efficacy is derived from mastery experiences, social persuasion, and stress resilience will also aid in selecting the most successful salespeople to help build an even more successful company now and in the years to come.ReferencesChowdhury, J., & Massad, V.J. (1997). An eclectic paradigm of salesperson compensation toward a comprehensive framework of the determinants of sales compensation modes. Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 7(1), 61-80.Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, November). Attribution Theory (Weiner) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved November 1st, 2012 from http//www.learning-theories.com/weiners-attribution-theory.htmlLewin, J. E., & Sager, J. K. (2010). The Influence of person-to-person Characteristics and Coping Strategies on Salespersons Turnover Intentions. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 30(4), 355-370.Shapiro, D. Why people buy conclusions from 30 years studying prospects and salespeople. July 30, 2012. Retrieved on November 1, 2012 from http//www.marketingexecutives.biz/why-people-buy-conclusions-30-years-studying-prospects-and-salespeople